In Brief Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas produced during biological nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. Emission factors vary widely between plants and over time, making continuous, real-time monitoring essential for accurate carbon footprint...
In Brief Waste incineration produces CO concentrations that fluctuate rapidly and unpredictably because the fuel, municipal or industrial waste, varies in composition, moisture, and calorific value from one load to the next. Continuous CO monitoring serves three...
In Brief Carbon monoxide is one of the most informative gases in cement and steel production. In cement kilns, CO tracks combustion quality in the rotary kiln and preheater tower, providing early warning of feed buildup, ring formation, and flame instability. In...
In Brief Oxygen measurement serves fundamentally different purposes depending on the application. In combustion, O₂ in flue gas indicates excess air and determines thermal efficiency. In inerting, O₂ is a contaminant whose presence above a threshold creates explosion...
In Brief Biogas production depends on a controlled anaerobic digestion process whose health and output are reflected directly in the gas composition. The CO₂-to-CH₄ ratio indicates digester stability and energy content. H₂S concentration determines corrosion risk,...
In Brief Combustion optimization in power plants requires continuous measurement of exhaust gas composition, primarily CO and O₂ to control the air-fuel ratio, and CO₂ as an indicator of combustion completeness, fuel carbon conversion, and emissions intensity. These...
